ON OCTOBER 25, 2021, Puntland became the first federal member state in Somalia to hold democratic elections to district councils. “One person one vote” (OPOV) elections were conducted in three “early districts” of Eyl, Ufeyn and Qardho. In addition to their historic significance, these elections offer an important opportunity to learn lessons, not least when it comes to the promotion of gender equality and the political participation of women.
This first experience in expanded suffrage was a new opportunity for many previously excluded citizens to participate in the political process as voters, candidates, civic educators and election workers. Chief among these is the participation of women, who had been deeply disadvantaged under the clan-based system. It was also a barometer to understand the dynamics of women’s participation, representation and influence in Somalia’s transition to universal suffrage. Understanding gender equality and participation of marginalized groups in Puntland’s municipal elections will help stakeholders reduce barriers to more equal participation as the rest of the country moves towards OPOV.
The purpose of this analysis was to document challenges and enabling factors for the promotion of gender equality as part of democratization during the elections in the early districts. The lessons learned from the present assessment are valuable for upcoming electoral processes, not only in Puntland but also in other member states, to which Puntland’s efforts towards democratization can provide key insights.
This analysis draws on an extensive literature review, 21 interviews, four focus group discussions with 28 participants, and sample poll observation on Election Day. Key findings are summarized as follows:
